Facial emotions as information:
He (Darwin) was one of the first scientists to view facial emotions as
information that was communicated to other individuals (human or
animal).
More recently, Paul Ekman has been one of the major investigators
in this arena of biopsychology. His research group has done a lot
of work over the years to characterize and describe facial expressions
of various human cultures in an objective fashion (important for
interpretation). Simply put, Eckman and colleagues contend that
there are seven (7) basic human emotions that are conveyed
through facial muscles, and they are: anger, sadness, happiness,
fear, disgust, surprise, and contempt.
The really interesting thing about this finding is that Eckman's research
group found these emotions across all the human cultures they studied.
For example, if you were to make these facial expressions, a person in
New Guinea or in South America, or in China would interpret your facial
expression as the correct emotion. This suggests that there is some 'universality'
of emotions across human cultures. However this work hasn't been accepted without
criticism - Fridlund has suggested that emotions might not be as biological as Ekman
believes. Rather, Fridlund believes that there are a number of emotions that occur
specifically in social situations where there is a very social context to them that you
can't interpret with a simple biological viewpoint.
EKMAN REFERENCES
Ekman, P (1973). Darwin and faical expression; a century of research in
review. Academic Press: New York.
Ekman, P (1981). Methods for measuring facial action. In K. Scherer and
P. Ekman (eds.) "Handbook on methods of nonverbal communications research."
Cambridge University Press, New York.
Ekman, P., and Davidson R.J. (1994). The nature of emotion: Fundamental
questions. Oxford University Press, New York.
Ekman, P. et al. (1983). Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes
among emotions. Science, vol 221, p, 1208-1210.
FRIDLUND & SIMILAR REFERENCES
Fridlund, A. (1988). What can asymmetry and laterality in EMG tell us about
the face and brain? International Journal of Neuroscience, vol 39, p
53-69.
Fridlund, A. (1994). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view.
Academic Press, San Diego.
Gilbert, A. N. et al (1986). Olfactory discrimination of mouse strains
and major histocompatability types by humans. Journal of Comparative
Psychology, vol 100, p 262-265.
Kraut, R.E., and Johnston, R.E. (1979). Social and emotional messages of
smiling: An ethological approach. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, vol 37, p 1539-1533.
I need to research
Biopsychology
Face and emotion research
Facial recognigition technology
Biometrics
Biometrics one
Equations of Emotion?
Robotics using said equation
Human computer interaction; Eye movements; Computer vision;
Object recognition; Motion control
contempt 1
contempt 2
Anger 1
Disgust 1
Disgust 2
Fear
Happy 1
Happy 2
Sadness
Surprise
